Learn how to use the Black-Scholes Model to value stock options in a private company, including the BSM formula, key assumptions, and limitations.

Learn how rollover equity works during PE M&A deals, including advantages, disadvantages, and tax treatment for buyers and sellers.

When and how you set up an option pool affects company valuation, share price and ownership dilution. This article explains how employee option pools work and how to calculate the size of your pool.

Learn how founders' shares work, common ways to structure equity for founders, and how to mitigate risks like stock dilution and disputes among co-founders.

Carta data shows that companies have become leaner and salary benchmarks have remained flat across much of the ecosystem.

UK companies must submit an SH06 form to Companies House within 28 days of cancelling shares. Learn how to complete and file an SH06, and how Carta simplifies the process.

Learn about LLC membership interests, when they can be issued, and how to transfer units among members. We'll also cover the differences between membership interests and equity compensation.

Over the past five years, dilution levels have declined at every stage of startup life. This can have compounding effects for the makeup of company cap tables.