Much has been researched, written, and tweeted about regarding the gender pay gap, but if you’ve been following our work on Table Stakes, you know that take-home pay is only part of the story. Women also face a huge gender gap in both startup funding and equity.
In 2018, women founders in the U.S. raised $2.88 billion across 482 teams, according to data from PitchBook and All Raise. This was only 2.2 percent of the $130 billion total in VC money invested over the year. What’s more, the overall percentage of VC dollars received by women founders has been stagnant for the past decade, at about 2.5 percent. This funding gap is linked to the ownership gap: male founders represent 6.5 percent of equity owners, but they own 64 percent of all startup equity.
Why do women get less funding? Straight-up sexism plays a part, but research shows a handful of factors are stacking the deck against women founders seeking investment. We explore three of the underlying issues below.
Reason 1: VCs ask women different questions
In 2017, researchers observed meetings between VCs and entrepreneurs at TechCrunch Disrupt New York. All of the startups pitched were comparable, but researchers found that the startups led by men raised five times more funding than those led by women.
Video transcriptions of the sessions explain some of this funding gap: Both women and men VCs routinely posed two very different types of questions to men and women entrepreneurs. Men were usually asked promotion-related questions focused on their hopes, goals, and advancement potential. Women, on the other hand, were asked prevention-based questions focused on safety, risks, and due diligence. 67 percent of the questions posed to male entrepreneurs were promotion-oriented, while 66 percent of those posed to woman entrepreneurs were prevention-oriented.
Why does this matter? According to Harvard Business Review, when looking at similar companies, researchers observed that entrepreneurs who fielded mostly promotion-based questions raised seven times more in 2017.
By asking different types of questions to woman entrepreneurs, VCs may be playing into a well-researched type of gender bias. While men are often judged based on their potential, women are judged based on past performance. This places an additional burden on women seeking VC funding, requiring them to do extra work to prove the value of their idea compared with their male counterparts.
Reason 2: Men without tech skills are seen as leaders, but women without tech backgrounds are penalized
A study by Crunchbase found that male entrepreneurs with non-technical backgrounds were evaluated as having significantly more leadership abilities than men with technical backgrounds. When the entrepreneurs in question were women, the opposite occurred: woman entrepreneurs with non-technical backgrounds were perceived as having fewer leadership abilities compared with women with technical backgrounds. Moreover, women with non-technical backgrounds were also viewed as significantly less competent than their more technical counterparts.
These findings further illustrate the extra scrutiny women entrepreneurs face. Investors tend to believe in the leadership potential of a male entrepreneur—even one without an engineering degree. They do not extend this same benefit of the doubt to women.
Reason 3: Not enough venture leaders are women
Less than 10 percent of decision-makers at VC firms are women—and 74 percent of VC firms in the U.S. have zero women investors. As we’ve learned from studies from Morgan Stanley, and others, VC firms with women and underrepresented minority fund managers, tend to increase investment in diverse founders. In short, people are more likely to give money to people who look like them. This might explain why the percentage of VC dollars allocated to women founders has remained stagnant despite the overall number of women VCs increasing over the last few years.
Research has shown that these predominantly male investors show a preference for pitches made by attractive men, speak differently about men and women when evaluating investments, and even punish women entrepreneurs for stereotypically feminine behavior. Having more women working in and leading venture capital firms might not solve the gender funding gap overnight, but more diverse voices at the tables will likely help.
Fair funding
We know more diversity across the board— whether it be VC, founder or employee—is beneficial not only for greater perspective, but for the bottom line. And to have companies that are innovative, thriving, and viable for both now and the future, diversity needs to become a key component.
It’s imperative, now more than ever, that we eliminate biases that penalize women founders, one deal at a time.
This blog post was co-written withKatie Miserany.
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